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Journal of Scientific Instruments

  • 1 Paul, Robert William

    [br]
    b. 3 October 1869 Highbury, London, England
    d. 28 March 1943 London, England
    [br]
    English scientific instrument maker, inventor of the Unipivot electrical measuring instrument, and pioneer of cinematography.
    [br]
    Paul was educated at the City of London School and Finsbury Technical College. He worked first for a short time in the Bell Telephone Works in Antwerp, Belgium, and then in the electrical instrument shop of Elliott Brothers in the Strand until 1891, when he opened an instrument-making business at 44 Hatton Garden, London. He specialized in the design and manufacture of electrical instruments, including the Ayrton Mather galvanometer. In 1902, with a purpose-built factory, he began large batch production of his instruments. He also opened a factory in New York, where uncalibrated instruments from England were calibrated for American customers. In 1903 Paul introduced the Unipivot galvanometer, in which the coil was supported at the centre of gravity of the moving system on a single pivot. The pivotal friction was less than in a conventional instrument and could be used without accurate levelling, the sensitivity being far beyond that of any pivoted galvanometer then in existence.
    In 1894 Paul was asked by two entrepreneurs to make copies of Edison's kinetoscope, the pioneering peep-show moving-picture viewer, which had just arrived in London. Discovering that Edison had omitted to patent the machine in England, and observing that there was considerable demand for the machine from show-people, he began production, making six before the end of the year. Altogether, he made about sixty-six units, some of which were exported. Although Edison's machine was not patented, his films were certainly copyrighted, so Paul now needed a cinematographic camera to make new subjects for his customers. Early in 1895 he came into contact with Birt Acres, who was also working on the design of a movie camera. Acres's design was somewhat impractical, but Paul constructed a working model with which Acres filmed the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on 30 March, and the Derby at Epsom on 29 May. Paul was unhappy with the inefficient design, and developed a new intermittent mechanism based on the principle of the Maltese cross. Despite having signed a ten-year agreement with Paul, Acres split with him on 12 July 1895, after having unilaterally patented their original camera design on 27 May. By the early weeks of 1896, Paul had developed a projector mechanism that also used the Maltese cross and which he demonstrated at the Finsbury Technical College on 20 February 1896. His Theatrograph was intended for sale, and was shown in a number of venues in London during March, notably at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square. There the renamed Animatographe was used to show, among other subjects, the Derby of 1896, which was won by the Prince of Wales's horse "Persimmon" and the film of which was shown the next day to enthusiastic crowds. The production of films turned out to be quite profitable: in the first year of the business, from March 1896, Paul made a net profit of £12,838 on a capital outlay of about £1,000. By the end of the year there were at least five shows running in London that were using Paul's projectors and screening films made by him or his staff.
    Paul played a major part in establishing the film business in England through his readiness to sell apparatus at a time when most of his rivals reserved their equipment for sole exploitation. He went on to become a leading producer of films, specializing in trick effects, many of which he pioneered. He was affectionately known in the trade as "Daddy Paul", truly considered to be the "father" of the British film industry. He continued to appreciate fully the possibilities of cinematography for scientific work, and in collaboration with Professor Silvanus P.Thompson films were made to illustrate various phenomena to students.
    Paul ended his involvement with film making in 1910 to concentrate on his instrument business; on his retirement in 1920, this was amalgamated with the Cambridge Instrument Company. In his will he left shares valued at over £100,000 to form the R.W.Paul Instrument Fund, to be administered by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of which he had been a member since 1887. The fund was to provide instruments of an unusual nature to assist physical research.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Fellow of the Physical Society 1920. Institution of Electrical Engineers Duddell Medal 1938.
    Bibliography
    17 March 1903, British patent no. 6,113 (the Unipivot instrument).
    1931, "Some electrical instruments at the Faraday Centenary Exhibition 1931", Journal of Scientific Instruments 8:337–48.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1943, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 90(1):540–1. P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp.
    308–9 (for a brief account of the Unipivot instrument).
    John Barnes, 1976, The Beginnings of Cinema in Britain, London. Brian Coe, 1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.
    BC / GW

    Biographical history of technology > Paul, Robert William

  • 2 instrumento

    m.
    1 instrument (musical).
    instrumento de cuerda stringed instrument
    instrumento musical musical instrument
    instrumento de percusión percussion instrument
    instrumento de viento wind instrument
    2 tool, instrument (tool).
    3 means, tool (medio).
    un instrumento para estimular la demanda a means of stimulating demand
    4 apparatus.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: instrumentar.
    * * *
    1 instrument
    \
    instrumento de cuerda stringed instrument
    instrumento de percusión percussion instrument
    instrumento de viento wind instrument
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) tool, implement
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Mús) instrument

    instrumento musical, instrumento músico — musical instrument

    2) (Téc) (=aparato) instrument; (=herramienta) tool, implement

    instrumentos de mando — (Aer) controls

    3) (=medio) instrument, tool
    4) (Jur) deed, legal document
    5) *** (=pene) tool ***
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Mús) (musical) instrument

    instrumento de cuerda/de viento — string/wind instrument

    b) ( herramienta) instrument; (Med) instrument

    instrumentos de medición/de precisión — measuring/precision instruments

    2) ( medio) means
    * * *
    = instrument, mechanism, tool, vehicle.
    Ex. The Rowell observation scale for the measurement of reading attitude by teachers was included as a fourth instrument.
    Ex. This helps to illustrate the methods of analysis employed by the scheme and to introduce the mechanisms of its use.
    Ex. Prior to the 1970s UDC was frequently to be found in large card indexes in special libraries and sometimes to be encountered in abstracting and indexing tools.
    Ex. This journal serves as a vehicle for the continuing education of librarians, as a showcase for current practice and as a spotlight for significant activities.
    ----
    * cuadro de instrumentos = dashboard.
    * empujar ligeramente con el dedo o un instrumento = poke.
    * habitación para practicar con instrumentos musicales = room for music-making.
    * instrumento acompañante = accompanying executant.
    * instrumento bibliográfico = bibliographic aid, bibliographic tool.
    * instrumento de ayuda a la enseñanza = teaching aid.
    * instrumento de cuerda = stringed instrument (string instrument), string instrument [stringed instrument].
    * instrumento de evaluación = assessment tool, evaluation tool.
    * instrumento de medición = measuring instrument.
    * instrumento de percusión = percussion instrument.
    * instrumento de precisión = precision device.
    * instrumento de recogida de datos = data collection instrument.
    * instrumento de recuperación = recall device.
    * instrumento de referencia = reference tool.
    * instrumento de selección = selection aid.
    * instrumento de trabajo = tool.
    * instrumento de viento = wind instrument.
    * instrumento educativo = educational aid.
    * instrumento geográfico = geographical artifact.
    * instrumento musical = instrument, musical instrument.
    * instrumento musical con teclado = keyboard instrument.
    * instrumento o intérprete de la música = executant.
    * instrumento para la recuperación = access tool.
    * instrumento para mantener papeles cogidos = fastener.
    * instrumento para resaltar = spotlight.
    * instrumento para resumir e indizar = abstracting and indexing tool.
    * instrumentos de comunicación = communication media.
    * instrumento sicométrico = psychometric instrument.
    * panel de instrumentos = dashboard.
    * tablero de instrumentos = dashboard.
    * tocar un instrumento musical = play + instrument.
    * uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Mús) (musical) instrument

    instrumento de cuerda/de viento — string/wind instrument

    b) ( herramienta) instrument; (Med) instrument

    instrumentos de medición/de precisión — measuring/precision instruments

    2) ( medio) means
    * * *
    = instrument, mechanism, tool, vehicle.

    Ex: The Rowell observation scale for the measurement of reading attitude by teachers was included as a fourth instrument.

    Ex: This helps to illustrate the methods of analysis employed by the scheme and to introduce the mechanisms of its use.
    Ex: Prior to the 1970s UDC was frequently to be found in large card indexes in special libraries and sometimes to be encountered in abstracting and indexing tools.
    Ex: This journal serves as a vehicle for the continuing education of librarians, as a showcase for current practice and as a spotlight for significant activities.
    * cuadro de instrumentos = dashboard.
    * empujar ligeramente con el dedo o un instrumento = poke.
    * habitación para practicar con instrumentos musicales = room for music-making.
    * instrumento acompañante = accompanying executant.
    * instrumento bibliográfico = bibliographic aid, bibliographic tool.
    * instrumento de ayuda a la enseñanza = teaching aid.
    * instrumento de cuerda = stringed instrument (string instrument), string instrument [stringed instrument].
    * instrumento de evaluación = assessment tool, evaluation tool.
    * instrumento de medición = measuring instrument.
    * instrumento de percusión = percussion instrument.
    * instrumento de precisión = precision device.
    * instrumento de recogida de datos = data collection instrument.
    * instrumento de recuperación = recall device.
    * instrumento de referencia = reference tool.
    * instrumento de selección = selection aid.
    * instrumento de trabajo = tool.
    * instrumento de viento = wind instrument.
    * instrumento educativo = educational aid.
    * instrumento geográfico = geographical artifact.
    * instrumento musical = instrument, musical instrument.
    * instrumento musical con teclado = keyboard instrument.
    * instrumento o intérprete de la música = executant.
    * instrumento para la recuperación = access tool.
    * instrumento para mantener papeles cogidos = fastener.
    * instrumento para resaltar = spotlight.
    * instrumento para resumir e indizar = abstracting and indexing tool.
    * instrumentos de comunicación = communication media.
    * instrumento sicométrico = psychometric instrument.
    * panel de instrumentos = dashboard.
    * tablero de instrumentos = dashboard.
    * tocar un instrumento musical = play + instrument.
    * uso de instrumentos = instrumentation.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Mús) instrument, musical instrument
    instrumento de cuerda/de percusión/de viento string/percussion/wind instrument
    2 (herramienta) instrument; ( Med) instrument
    instrumentos de medición/de precisión measuring/precision instruments
    instrumentos quirúrgicos surgical instruments
    Compuesto:
    musical instrument
    B (medio) means
    emplea su encanto como instrumento para conseguir sus fines he uses his charm as a means o way of getting what he wants
    C ( Der) instrument
    * * *

    Del verbo instrumentar: ( conjugate instrumentar)

    instrumento es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    instrumentó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    instrumentar    
    instrumento
    instrumentar verbo transitivo ( conjugate instrumentar) (Mús) to orchestrate
    instrumento sustantivo masculino
    1 ( en general) instrument;

    instrumentos de precisión precision instruments
    2 ( medio) means
    instrumentar vtr Mús to score, instrument, orchestrate: el poema lo instrumentó el cantante, the singer orchestrated the poem
    instrumento sustantivo masculino instrument
    instrumento de cuerda/percusión/viento, stringed/percussion/wind instrument
    ' instrumento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - afinar
    - aparato
    - baja
    - bajo
    - con
    - corneta
    - cuadrante
    - cuerda
    - cuerno
    - de
    - desafinar
    - desgastarse
    - escarpelo
    - fagot
    - gaita
    - herir
    - incisiva
    - incisivo
    - instrumentar
    - manipular
    - mástil
    - media
    - medio
    - metro
    - mira
    - oboe
    - pedal
    - pistón
    - salterio
    - saxo
    - sonar
    - taladro
    - tambor
    - tañido
    - templar
    - tocar
    - viola
    - violín
    - violón
    - violoncelo
    - violonchelo
    - aguja
    - alguno
    - arma
    - artefacto
    - bombo
    - boquilla
    - compás
    - contrabajo
    English:
    accurate
    - bass
    - blow
    - dial
    - gouge out
    - implement
    - instrument
    - on
    - play
    - record
    - setting
    - string
    - warp
    - whistle
    - tool
    - wind
    * * *
    1. [musical] instrument;
    instrumento musical o [m5] de música musical instrument
    Méx instrumento de aliento wind instrument;
    instrumento de cuerda stringed o string instrument;
    instrumento de percusión percussion instrument;
    instrumento de viento wind instrument
    2. [herramienta] tool, instrument
    instrumento de medida measuring instrument;
    instrumento óptico optical instrument;
    instrumento de precisión precision tool o instrument
    3. [medio] means, tool;
    un instrumento para estimular la demanda a means of stimulating demand;
    ella fue el instrumento del gobierno she was a tool of the government;
    el canal televisivo es un instrumento de propaganda de la oposición the television channel is a propaganda tool for the opposition
    4. Der instrument
    5. Fam [pene] tool
    * * *
    m instrument; ( herramienta) tool, instrument; fig
    tool
    * * *
    : instrument
    * * *
    instrumento n instrument

    Spanish-English dictionary > instrumento

  • 3 Dancer, John Benjamin

    [br]
    b. 1812 England
    d. 1887 England
    [br]
    English instrument maker and photographer, pioneer of microphotography.
    [br]
    The son of a scientific instrument maker, Dancer was educated privately in Liverpool, where from 1817 his father practised his trade. John Benjamin became a skilled instrument maker in his own right, assisting in the family business until his father's death in 1835. He set up on his own in Liverpool in 1840 and in Manchester in 1841. In the course of his career Dancer made instruments for several of the leading scientists of the day, his clients including Brewster, Dalton and Joule.
    Dancer became interested in photography as soon as the new art was announced in 1839 and practised the processes of both Talbot and Daguerre. It was later claimed that as early as 1839 he used an achromatic lens combination to produce a minute image on a daguerreotype plate, arguably the world's first microphotograph and the precursor of modern microfilm. It was not until the introduction of Archer's wet-collodion process in 1851 that Dancer was able to perfect the technique however. He went on to market a long series of microphotographs which proved extremely popular with both the public and contemporary photographers. It was examples of Dancer's microphotographs that prompted the French photographer Dagron to begin his work in the same field. In 1853 Dancer constructed a binocular stereoscopic camera, the first practicable instrument of its type. In an improved form it was patented and marketed in 1856.
    Dancer also made important contributions to the magic lantern. He was the first to suggest the use of limelight as an illuminant, pioneered the use of photographic lantern slides and devised an ingenious means of switching gas from one lantern illuminant to another to produce what were known as dissolving views. He was a resourceful innovator in other fields of instrumentation and suggested several other minor improvements to scientific apparatus before his working life was sadly terminated by the loss of his sight.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Anon., 1973, "John Benjamin Dancer, originator of microphotography", British Journal of Photography (16 February): 139–41.
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London.
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Dancer, John Benjamin

  • 4 Huygens, Christiaan

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlands
    d. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands
    [br]
    Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.
    [br]
    Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.
    Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.
    Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.
    Bibliography
    For his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.
    1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, Antiquarian
    Horology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).
    1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.
    R.J.Blackwell, Ames.
    Further Reading
    H.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).
    R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).
    S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).
    J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).
    A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Huygens, Christiaan

  • 5 Duddell, William du Bois

    SUBJECT AREA: Electricity
    [br]
    b. 1872 Kensington, London, England
    d. 4 November 1917 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer, inventor of the first practical oscillograph.
    [br]
    After an education at the College of Stanislas, Cannes, Duddell served an apprenticeship with Davy Paxman of Colchester. Studying under Ayrton and Mather at the Central Technical College in South Kensington, he found the facilities for experimental work of exceptional value to him and remained there for some years. In 1897 Duddell produced a galvanometer which was sufficiently responsive to display an alternating-current wave-form. This instrument, with a coil carrying a mirror in the air gap of a powerful electromagnet, had a small periodic time. An oscillating mirror driven by a synchronous motor spread out the deflection on a time-scale. This development became the first commercial oscillograph and brought Duddell into prominence as a first-rate designer of special instruments. The Duddell oscillograph remained in use until after the Second World War, examples being used for recording short-circuit tests on high-power switchgear and other rapidly varying or transient phenomena. His next important work was to collaborate with Professor Marchant at Liverpool University to investigate the characteristics of the electric arc. This led to the suggestion that, coupled to a resonant circuit, the electric arc could form a generator of high-frequency currents. This arrangement was later developed by Poulson for wireless telegraphy. Duddell spent the last years of his life on government research as a member of the Admiralty Board of Inventions and Research and also of the Inventions Board of the Ministry of Munitions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1916. FRS 1907. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1912. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1912 and 1913.
    Bibliography
    1897, Electrician, 39:636–8 (describes his oscillograph). 5 March 1898, British patent no. 5,449 (the oscillograph).
    1899, with E.W.Marchant, "Experiments on alternate current arcs by aid of oscillograph", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 28: 1–107.
    Further Reading
    V.J.Phillips, 1987, Waveforms, Bristol (a comprehensive account).
    1945, "50 years of scientific instrument manufacture", Engineering, 159:461.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Duddell, William du Bois

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